DailyMed Label: Theo-24

DailyMed Label: Theo-24

2024

DailyMed Prescription

Theo-24

theophylline anhydrous

ENDO USA, Inc.

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-100

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-200

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-300

NDC: 52244-400

NDC: 52244-400

Theophylline is structurally classified as a methylxanthine. It occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Anhydrous theophylline has the chemical name 1H-Purine-2, 6-dione, 3, 7-dihydro-1, 3-dimethyl-, and is represented by the following structural formula: The molecular formula of anhydrous theophylline is C 7 H 8 N 4 O 2 with a molecular weight of 180.17. Theo-24 is available as capsules intended for oral administration, containing 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, or 400 mg of anhydrous theophylline per capsule, in an extended-release formulation which allows a 24-hour dosing interval for appropriate patients. Inactive ingredients are edible ink (which contains synthetic black iron oxide, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Yellow No. 6, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Red No. 40), ethylcellulose, gelatin, pharmaceutical glaze, colloidal silicon dioxide, starch, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, and coloring agents: 100 mg - includes FD&C Yellow No. 6; 200 mg - FD&C Red No. 3 and D&C Yellow No. 10; 300 mg - FD&C Blue No. 1 and FD&C Red No. 40; 400 mg - FD&C Red No. 40 and D&C Red No. 28. Theo-24 Extended-release capsules meet Drug Release Test 6 as published in the current USP monograph for Theophylline Extended-release Capsules. This the structural formula for anhydrous theophylline.

Theophylline is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction associated with chronic asthma and other chronic lung diseases, e.g., emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Theo-24, like other extended-release theophylline products, is intended for patients with relatively continuous or recurring symptoms who have a need to maintain therapeutic serum levels of theophylline. It is not intended for patients experiencing an acute episode of bronchospasm (associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema). Such patients require rapid relief of symptoms and should be treated with an immediate-release or intravenous theophylline preparation (or other bronchodilators) and not with extended-release products. Patients who metabolize theophylline at a normal or slow rate are reasonable candidates for once-daily dosing with Theo-24. Patients who metabolize theophylline rapidly (e.g., the young, smokers, and some nonsmoking adults) and who have symptoms repeatedly at the end of a dosing interval, will require either increased doses given once a day or preferably, are likely to be better controlled by a schedule of twice-daily dosing. Those patients who require increased daily doses are more likely to experience relatively wide peak-trough differences and may be candidates for twice-a-day dosing with Theo-24. Patients should be instructed to take this medication each morning at approximately the same time and not to exceed the prescribed dose. Recent studies suggest that dosing of extended-release theophylline products at night (after the evening meal) results in serum concentrations of theophylline which are not identical to those recorded during waking hours and may be characterized by early trough and delayed peak levels. This appears to occur whether the drug is given as an immediate-release, extended-release, or intravenous product. To avoid this phenomenon when two doses per day are prescribed, it is recommended that the second dose be given 10 to 12 hours after the morning dose and before the evening meal. Food and posture, along with changes associated with circadian rhythm, may influence the rate of absorption and/or clearance rates of theophylline from extended-release dosage forms administered at night. The exact relationship of these and other factors to nighttime serum concentrations and the clinical significance of such findings require additional study. Therefore, it is not recommended that Theo-24 (when used as a once-a-day product) be administered at night. Patients who require a relatively high dose of theophylline (i.e., a dose equal to or greater than 900 mg or 13 mg/kg, whichever is less) should not take Theo-24 less than 1 hour before a high-fat-content meal since this may result in a significant increase in peak serum level and in the extent of absorption of theophylline as compared to administration in the fasted state (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug/Food Interactions ). The steady-state peak serum theophylline concentration is a function of the dose, the dosing interval, and the rate of theophylline absorption and clearance in the individual patient. Because of marked individual differences in the rate of theophylline clearance, the dose required to achieve a peak serum theophylline concentration in the 10 - 20 mcg/mL range varies fourfold among otherwise similar patients in the absence of factors known to alter theophylline clearance (e.g., 400 - 1600 mg/day in adults <60 years old and 10 - 36 mg/kg/day in children 1 - 9 years old). For a given population there is no single theophylline dose that will provide both safe and effective serum concentrations for all patients. Administration of the median theophylline dose required to achieve a therapeutic serum theophylline concentration in a given population may result in either sub-therapeutic or potentially toxic serum theophylline concentrations in individual patients. For example, at a dose of 900 mg/day in adults <60 years or 22 mg/kg/day in children 1-9 years, the steady-state peak serum theophylline concentration will be <10 mcg/mL in about 30% of patients, 10 - 20 mcg/mL in about 50% and 20 - 30 mcg/mL in about 20% of patients. The dose of theophylline must be individualized on the basis of peak serum theophylline concentration measurements in order to achieve a dose that will provide maximum potential benefit with minimal risk of adverse effects. Transient caffeine-like adverse effects and excessive serum concentrations in slow metabolizers can be avoided in most patients by starting with a sufficiently low dose and slowly increasing the dose, if judged to be clinically indicated , in small increments (See Table V). Dose increases should only be made if the previous dosage is well tolerated and at intervals of no less than 3 days to allow serum theophylline concentrations to reach the new steady state. Dosage adjustment should be guided by serum theophylline concentration measurement (see PRECAUTIONS, Laboratory Tests and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION , Table VI). Health care providers should instruct patients and care givers to discontinue any dosage that causes adverse effects, to withhold the medication until these symptoms are gone and to then resume therapy at a lower, previously tolerated dosage (see WARNINGS ). If the patient's symptoms are well controlled, there are no apparent adverse effects, and no intervening factors that might alter dosage requirements (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS ), serum theophylline concentrations should be monitored at 6 month intervals for rapidly growing children and at yearly intervals for all others. In acutely ill patients, serum theophylline concentrations should be monitored at frequent intervals, e.g., every 24 hours. Theophylline distributes poorly into body fat, therefore, mg/kg dose should be calculated on the basis of ideal body weight. Table V contains theophylline dosing titration schema recommended for patients in various age groups and clinical circumstances. Table VI contains recommendations for theophylline dosage adjustment based upon serum theophylline concentrations. Application of these general dosing recommendations to individual patients must take into account the unique clinical characteristics of each patient. In general, these recommendations should serve as the upper limit for dosage adjustments in order to decrease the risk of potentially serious adverse events associated with unexpected large increases in serum theophylline concentration. Table V. Dosing initiation and titration (as anhydrous theophylline).*       *  Patients with more rapid metabolism, clinically identified by higher than average dose          requirements, should receive a smaller dose more frequently to prevent breakthrough          symptoms resulting from low trough concentrations before the next dose. A reliably          absorbed slow-release formulation will decrease fluctuations and permit longer dosing          intervals.   A.   Children (12-15 years) and adults (16-60 years) without risk factors for impaired clearance .   Titration Step   Children <45 kg   Children >45 kg and adults  1.  Starting Dosage  12 - 14 mg/kg/day up to a maximum of 300 mg/day divided Q 24 hrs*  300 - 400 mg/day 1 divided Q 24 hrs*  2.  After 3 days, if tolerated , increase dose to:  16 mg/kg/day up to a maximum of 400 mg/day divided Q 24 hrs*  400 - 600 mg/day 1 divided Q 24 hrs*  3.  After 3 more days, if tolerated and if needed , increase dose to:  20 mg/kg/day up to a maximum of 600 mg/day divided Q 24 hrs*  As with all theophylline products, doses greater than 600 mg should be titrated according to blood level (see Table VI)  1  If caffeine-like adverse effects occur, then consideration should be given to a lower dose and titrating the dose more slowly (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ).  B.   Patients with risk factors for impaired clearance, the elderly (>60 Years), and those in whom it is not feasible to monitor serum theophylline concentrations: In children 12-15 years of age, the final theophylline dose should not exceed 16 mg/kg/day up to a maximum of 400 mg/day in the presence of risk factors for reduced theophylline clearance (see WARNINGS ) or if it is not feasible to monitor serum theophylline concentrations. In adolescents ≥16 years and adults, including the elderly, the final theophylline dose should not exceed 400 mg/day in the presence of risk factors for reduced theophylline clearance (see WARNINGS ) or if it is not feasible to monitor serum theophylline concentrations. Table VI. Dosage adjustment guided by serum theophylline concentration. Peak Serum Concentration Dosage Adjustment  *    Dose reduction and/or serum theophylline concentration measurement is indicated whenever adverse effects are present,       physiologic abnormalities that can reduce theophylline clearance occur (e.g., sustained fever), or a drug that interacts with       theophylline is added or discontinued (see WARNINGS ).  <9.9 mcg/mL  If symptoms are not controlled and current dosage is tolerated, increase dose about 25%. Recheck serum concentration after three days for further dosage adjustment.  10 - 14.9 mcg/mL  If symptoms are controlled and current dosage is tolerated, maintain dose and recheck serum concentration at 6-12 month intervals.* If symptoms are not controlled and current dosage is tolerated consider adding additional medication(s) to treatment regimen.  15 - 19.9 mcg/mL  Consider 10% decrease in dose to provide greater margin of safety even if current dosage is tolerated. *  20 - 24.9 mcg/mL  Decrease dose by 25% even if no adverse effects are present. Recheck serum concentration after 3 days to guide further dosage adjustment.  25 - 30 mcg/mL  Skip next dose and decrease subsequent doses at least 25% even if no adverse effects are present. Recheck serum concentration after 3 days to guide further dosage adjustment. If symptomatic, consider whether overdosage treatment is indicated (see recommendations for chronic overdosage ).  >30 mcg/mL  Treat overdose as indicated (see recommendations for chronic overdosage ). If theophylline is subsequently resumed, decrease dose by at least 50% and recheck serum concentration after 3 days to guide further dosage adjustment.

Theo-24 is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to theophylline or other components in the product.

General: Careful consideration of the various interacting drugs and physiologic conditions that can alter theophylline clearance and require dosage adjustment should occur prior to initiation of theophylline therapy, prior to increases in theophylline dose, and during follow up (see WARNINGS ). The dose of theophylline selected for initiation of therapy should be low and, if tolerated, increased slowly over a period of a week or longer with the final dose guided by monitoring serum theophylline concentrations and the patient's clinical response (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION , Table V). Monitoring Serum Theophylline Concentrations: Serum theophylline concentration measurements are readily available and should be used to determine whether the dosage is appropriate. Specifically, the serum theophylline concentration should be measured as follows: When initiating therapy to guide final dosage adjustment after titration. Before making a dose increase to determine whether the serum concentration is sub-therapeutic in a patient who continues to be symptomatic. Whenever signs or symptoms of theophylline toxicity are present. Whenever there is a new illness, worsening of a chronic illness or a change in the patient's treatment regimen that may alter theophylline clearance (e.g., fever >102° F sustained for ≥24 hours, hepatitis, or drugs listed in Table II are added or discontinued). To guide a dose increase, the blood sample should be obtained at the time of the expected peak serum theophylline concentration; 12 hours after a dose at steady-state (expected peak serum theophylline concentration range is between 5 –15 mcg/mL). For most patients, steady-state will be reached after 3 days of dosing when no doses have been missed, no extra doses have been added, and none of the doses have been taken at unequal intervals. A trough concentration (i.e., at the end of the dosing interval) provides no additional useful information and may lead to an inappropriate dose increase since the peak serum theophylline concentration can be two or more times greater than the trough concentration with an extended-release formulation. If the serum sample is drawn more or less than twelve (12) hours after the dose, the results must be interpreted with caution since the concentration may not be reflective of the peak concentration. In contrast, when signs or symptoms of theophylline toxicity are present, the serum sample should be obtained as soon as possible, analyzed immediately, and the result reported to the healthcare professional without delay. In patients in whom decreased serum protein binding is suspected (e.g., cirrhosis, women during the third trimester of pregnancy), the concentration of unbound theophylline should be measured and the dosage adjusted to achieve an unbound concentration of 6 - 12 mcg/mL. Saliva concentrations of theophylline cannot be used reliably to adjust dosage without special techniques. Effects on Laboratory Tests: As a result of its pharmacological effects, theophylline at serum concentrations within the 10 - 20 mcg/mL range modestly increases plasma glucose (from a mean of 88 mg% to 98 mg%), uric acid (from a mean of 4 mg/dL to 6 mg/dL), free fatty acids (from a mean of 451 µEq/L to 800 µEq/L, total cholesterol (from a mean of 140 vs 160 mg/dL), HDL (from a mean of 36 to 50 mg/dL), HDL/LDL ratio (from a mean of 0.5 to 0.7), and urinary free cortisol excretion (from a mean of 44 to 63 mcg/24 hr). Theophylline at serum concentrations within the 10 - 20 mcg/mL range may also transiently decrease serum concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (144 before, 131 after one week and 142 ng/dL after 4 weeks of theophylline). The clinical importance of these changes should be weighed against the potential therapeutic benefit of theophylline in individual patients. Information for Patients: The patient (or parent/care giver) should be instructed to seek medical advice whenever nausea, vomiting, persistent headache, insomnia or rapid heart beat occurs during treatment with theophylline, even if another cause is suspected. The patient should be instructed to contact their healthcare professional if they develop a new illness, especially if accompanied by a persistent fever, if they experience worsening of a chronic illness, if they start or stop smoking cigarettes or marijuana, or if another healthcare professional adds a new medication or discontinues a previously prescribed medication. Patients should be informed that theophylline interacts with a wide variety of drugs (see Table II). The dietary supplement St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) should not be taken at the same time as theophylline, since it may result in decreased theophylline levels. If patients are already taking St. John's Wort and theophylline together, they should consult their healthcare professional before stopping the St. John's Wort, since their theophylline concentrations may rise when this is done, resulting in toxicity. Patients should be instructed to inform all healthcare professionals involved in their care that they are taking theophylline, especially when a medication is being added or deleted from their treatment. Patients should be instructed to not alter the dose, timing of the dose, or frequency of administration without first consulting their healthcare professional. If a dose is missed, the patient should be instructed to take the next dose at the usually scheduled time and to not attempt to make up for the missed dose. Patients should be instructed to take this medication each morning at approximately the same time and not to exceed the prescribed dose. Patients who require a relatively high dose of theophylline should be informed of important considerations relating to time of drug administration and meal content (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug/Food Interactions ; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). Drug/Drug Interactions Theophylline interacts with a wide variety of drugs. The interaction may be pharmacodynamic, i.e., alterations in the therapeutic response to theophylline or another drug or occurrence of adverse effects without a change in serum theophylline concentration. More frequently, however, the interaction is pharmacokinetic, i.e., the rate of theophylline clearance is altered by another drug resulting in increased or decreased serum theophylline concentrations. Theophylline only rarely alters the pharmacokinetics of other drugs. The drugs listed in Table II have the potential to produce clinically significant pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions with theophylline. The information in the "Effect " column of Table II assumes that the interacting drug is being added to a steady-state theophylline regimen. If theophylline is being initiated in a patient who is already taking a drug that inhibits theophylline clearance (e.g., cimetidine, erythromycin), the dose of theophylline required to achieve a therapeutic serum theophylline concentration will be smaller. Conversely, if theophylline is being initiated in a patient who is already taking a drug that enhances theophylline clearance (e.g., rifampin), the dose of theophylline required to achieve a therapeutic serum theophylline concentration will be larger. Discontinuation of a concomitant drug that increases theophylline clearance will result in accumulation of theophylline to potentially toxic levels, unless the theophylline dose is appropriately reduced. Discontinuation of a concomitant drug that inhibits theophylline clearance will result in decreased serum theophylline concentrations, unless the theophylline dose is appropriately increased. The drugs listed in Table III have either been documented not to interact with theophylline or do not produce a clinically significant interaction (i.e., <15% change in theophylline clearance). The listing of drugs in Table II is current as of June 2004. The listing of drugs in Table III is current as of January 2, 1996. New interactions are continuously being reported for theophylline, especially with new chemical entities. The healthcare professional should not assume that a drug does not interact with theophylline if it is not listed in Table II. Before addition of a newly available drug in a patient receiving theophylline, the package insert of the new drug and/or the medical literature should be consulted to determine if an interaction between the new drug and theophylline has been reported. Table II. Clinically significant drug interactions with theophylline*. Drug Type of Interaction Effect†  *     Refer to PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions for further information regarding table. †     Average effect on steady state theophylline concentration or other clinical effect for pharmacologic       interactions. Individual patients may experience larger changes in serum theophylline concentration       than the value listed.  Adenosine  Theophylline blocks adenosine receptors.  Higher doses of adenosine may be required to achieve desired effect.  Alcohol  A single large dose of alcohol (3 mL/kg of whiskey) decreases theophylline clearance for up to 24 hours.  30% increase  Allopurinol  Decreases theophylline clearance at allopurinol doses ≥600 mg/day.  25% increase  Aminoglutethimide  Increases theophylline clearance by induction of microsomal enzyme activity.  25% decrease  Carbamazepine  Similar to aminoglutethimide.  30% decrease  Cimetidine  Decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting cytochrome P450 1A2.  70% increase  Ciprofloxacin  Similar to cimetidine.  40% increase  Clarithromycin  Similar to erythromycin.  25% increase  Diazepam  Benzodiazepines increase CNS concentrations of adenosine, a potent CNS depressant, while theophylline blocks adenosine receptors.  Larger diazepam doses may be required to produce desired level of sedation. Discontinuation of theophylline without reduction of diazepam dose may result in respiratory depression.  Disulfiram  Decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting hydroxylation and demethylation.  50% increase  Enoxacin  Similar to cimetidine.  300% increase  Ephedrine  Synergistic CNS effects.  Increased frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia.  Erythromycin  Erythromycin metabolite decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A3.  35% increase. Erythromycin steady-state serum concentrations decrease by a similar amount.  Estrogen  Estrogen containing oral contraceptives decrease theophylline clearance in a dose- dependent fashion. The effect of progesterone on theophylline clearance is unknown.  30% increase  Flurazepam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Fluvoxamine  Similar to cimetidine.  Similar to cimetidine  Halothane  Halothane sensitizes the myocardium to catecholamines, theophylline increases release of endogenous catecholamines.  Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.  Interferon, human recombinant alpha-A  Decreases theophylline clearance.  100% increase  Isoproterenol (IV)  Increases theophylline clearance.  20% decrease  Ketamine  Pharmacologic.  May lower theophylline seizure threshold.  Lithium  Theophylline increases renal lithium clearance.  Lithium dose required to achieve a therapeutic serum concentration increased an average of 60%.  Lorazepam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Methotrexate (MTX)  Decreases theophylline clearance.  20% increase after low dose MTX, higher dose MTX may have a greater effect.  Mexiletine  Similar to disulfiram.  80% increase  Midazolam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Moricizine  Increases theophylline clearance.  25% decrease  Pancuronium  Theophylline may antagonize non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking effects, possibly due to phosphodiesterase inhibition.  Larger dose of pancuronium may be required to achieve neuromuscular blockade  Pentoxifylline  Decreases theophylline clearance.  30% increase  Phenobarbital (PB)  Similar to aminoglutethimide.  25% decrease after two weeks of concurrent PB.  Phenytoin  Phenytoin increases theophylline clearance by increasing microsomal enzyme activity. Theophylline decreases phenytoin absorption.  Serum theophylline and phenytoin concentrations decrease about 40%.  Propafenone  Decreases theophylline clearance and pharmacologic interaction.  40% increase. Beta 2 blocking effect may decrease efficacy of theophylline  Propranolol  Similar to cimetidine and pharmacologic interaction.  100% increase. Beta 2 blocking effect may decrease efficacy of theophylline  Rifampin  Increases theophylline clearance by increasing cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A3 activity.  20-40% decrease  St. John's Wort (Hypericum Perforatum)  Decrease in theophylline plasma concentrations.  Higher doses of theophylline may be required to achieve desired effect. Stopping St. John's Wort may result in theophylline toxicity.  Sulfinpyrazone  Increases theophylline clearance by increasing demethylation and hydroxylation. Decreases renal clearance of theophylline.  20% decrease  Tacrine  Similar to cimetidine, also increases renal clearance of theophylline.  90% increase  Thiabendazole  Decreases theophylline clearance.  190% increase  Ticlopidine  Decreases theophylline clearance.  60% increase  Troleandomycin  Similar to erythromycin.  33-100% increase depending on troleandomycin dose.  Verapamil  Similar to disulfiram.  20% increase Table III. Drugs that have been documented not to interact with theophylline or drugs that produce no clinically significant interaction with theophylline.*   *    Refer to PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions for information regarding table.  albuterol, systemic and inhaled  hydrocortisone  ofloxacin  amoxicillin  isoflurane  omeprazole  ampicillin, with or without  isoniazid  prednisone, prednisolone    sulbactam  isradipine  ranitidine  atenolol  influenza vaccine  rifabutin  azithromycin  ketoconazole  roxithromycin  caffeine, dietary ingestion  lomefloxacin  sorbitol  cefaclor  mebendazole    (purgative doses do  co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim  medroxyprogesterone    not inhibit theophylline     and sulfamethoxazole)  methylprednisolone    absorption)  diltiazem  metronidazole  sucralfate  dirithromycin  metoprolol  terbutaline, systemic  enflurane  nadolol  terfenadine  famotidine  nifedipine  tetracycline  felodipine  nizatidine  tocainide  finasteride  norfloxacin Drug/Food Interactions Taking Theo-24 ® less than one hour before a high-fat-content meal, such as 8 oz whole milk, 2 fried eggs, 2 bacon strips, 2 oz hashed brown potatoes, and 2 slices of buttered toast (about 985 calories, including approximately 71 g of fat) may result in a significant increase in peak serum level and in the extent of absorption of theophylline as compared to administration in the fasted state. In some cases (especially with doses of 900 mg or more taken less than one hour before a high-fat-content meal) serum theophylline levels may exceed the 20 mcg/mL level, above which theophylline toxicity is more likely to occur. The Effect of Other Drugs on Theophylline Serum Concentration Measurements: Most serum theophylline assays in clinical use are immunoassays which are specific for theophylline. Other xanthines such as caffeine, dyphylline, and pentoxifylline are not detected by these assays. Some drugs (e.g., cefazolin, cephalothin), however, may interfere with certain HPLC techniques. Caffeine and xanthine metabolites in neonates or patients with renal dysfunction may cause the reading from some dry reagent office methods to be higher than the actual serum theophylline concentration. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility: Long term carcinogenicity studies have been carried out in mice (oral doses 30 - 150 mg/kg) and rats (oral doses 5 - 75 mg/kg). Results are pending. Theophylline has been studied in Ames salmonella, in vivo and in vitro cytogenetics, micronucleus and Chinese hamster ovary test systems and has not been shown to be genotoxic. In a 14 week continuous breeding study, theophylline, administered to mating pairs of B6C3F 1 mice at oral doses of 120, 270 and 500 mg/kg (approximately 1.0 - 3.0 times the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) impaired fertility, as evidenced by decreases in the number of live pups per litter, decreases in the mean number of litters per fertile pair, and increases in the gestation period at the high dose as well as decreases in the proportion of pups born alive at the mid and high dose. In 13 week toxicity studies, theophylline was administered to F344 rats and B6C3F 1 mice at oral doses of 40 - 300 mg/kg (approximately 2.0 times the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis). At the high dose, systemic toxicity was observed in both species including decreases in testicular weight. CATEGORY C: In studies in which pregnant mice, rats and rabbits were dosed during the period of organogenesis, theophylline produced teratogenic effects. In studies with mice, a single intraperitoneal dose at and above 100 mg/kg (approximately equal to the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis) during organogenesis produced cleft palate and digital abnormalities. Micromelia, micrognathia, clubfoot, subcutaneous hematoma, open eyelids, and embryolethality were observed at doses that are approximately 2 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis. In a study with rats dosed from conception through organogenesis, an oral dose of 150 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis) produced digital abnormalities. Embryolethality was observed with a subcutaneous dose of 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 4 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis). In a study in which pregnant rabbits were dosed throughout organogenesis, an intravenous dose of 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis), which caused the death of one doe and clinical signs in others, produced cleft palate and was embryolethal. Doses at and above 15 mg/kg/day (less than the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m 2 basis) increased the incidence of skeletal variations. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Theophylline should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers: Theophylline is excreted into breast milk and may cause irritability or other signs of mild toxicity in nursing human infants. The concentration of theophylline in breast milk is about equivalent to the maternal serum concentration. An infant ingesting a liter of breast milk containing 10 - 20 mcg/mL of theophylline per day is likely to receive 10 - 20 mg of theophylline per day. Serious adverse effects in the infant are unlikely unless the mother has toxic serum theophylline concentrations. Pediatric Use: Theophylline is safe and effective for the approved indications in pediatric patients (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ). The maintenance dose of theophylline must be selected with caution in pediatric patients since the rate of theophylline clearance is highly variable across the age range of neonates to adolescents (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY , Table I, WARNINGS , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION , Table V). Due to the immaturity of theophylline metabolic pathways in infants under the age of one year, particular attention to dosage selection and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required when theophylline is prescribed to pediatric patients in this age group. Geriatric Use: Elderly patients are at a significantly greater risk of experiencing serious toxicity from theophylline than younger patients due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes associated with aging. The clearance of theophylline is decreased by an average of 30% in healthy elderly adults (>60 yrs) compared to healthy young adults. Theophylline clearance may be further reduced by concomitant diseases prevalent in the elderly, which further impair clearance of this drug and have the potential to increase serum levels and potential toxicity. These conditions include impaired renal function, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, hepatic disease and an increased prevalence of use of certain medications (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions ) with the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction. Protein binding may be decreased in the elderly resulting in an increased proportion of the total serum theophylline concentration in the pharmacologically active unbound form. Elderly patients also appear to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of theophylline after chronic overdosage than younger patients. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in elderly patients (see PRECAUTIONS, Monitoring Serum Theophylline Concentrations , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). The maximum daily dose of theophylline in patients greater than 60 years of age ordinarily should not exceed 400 mg/day unless the patient continues to be symptomatic and the peak steady-state serum theophylline concentration is <10 mcg/mL (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). Theophylline doses greater than 400 mg/d should be prescribed with caution in elderly patients.

Adverse reactions associated with theophylline are generally mild when peak serum theophylline concentrations are <20 mcg/mL and mainly consist of transient caffeine-like adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, headache, and insomnia. When peak serum theophylline concentrations exceed 20 mcg/mL, however, theophylline produces a wide range of adverse reactions including persistent vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, and intractable seizures which can be lethal (see

Drug/Drug Interactions Theophylline interacts with a wide variety of drugs. The interaction may be pharmacodynamic, i.e., alterations in the therapeutic response to theophylline or another drug or occurrence of adverse effects without a change in serum theophylline concentration. More frequently, however, the interaction is pharmacokinetic, i.e., the rate of theophylline clearance is altered by another drug resulting in increased or decreased serum theophylline concentrations. Theophylline only rarely alters the pharmacokinetics of other drugs. The drugs listed in Table II have the potential to produce clinically significant pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions with theophylline. The information in the "Effect " column of Table II assumes that the interacting drug is being added to a steady-state theophylline regimen. If theophylline is being initiated in a patient who is already taking a drug that inhibits theophylline clearance (e.g., cimetidine, erythromycin), the dose of theophylline required to achieve a therapeutic serum theophylline concentration will be smaller. Conversely, if theophylline is being initiated in a patient who is already taking a drug that enhances theophylline clearance (e.g., rifampin), the dose of theophylline required to achieve a therapeutic serum theophylline concentration will be larger. Discontinuation of a concomitant drug that increases theophylline clearance will result in accumulation of theophylline to potentially toxic levels, unless the theophylline dose is appropriately reduced. Discontinuation of a concomitant drug that inhibits theophylline clearance will result in decreased serum theophylline concentrations, unless the theophylline dose is appropriately increased. The drugs listed in Table III have either been documented not to interact with theophylline or do not produce a clinically significant interaction (i.e., <15% change in theophylline clearance). The listing of drugs in Table II is current as of June 2004. The listing of drugs in Table III is current as of January 2, 1996. New interactions are continuously being reported for theophylline, especially with new chemical entities. The healthcare professional should not assume that a drug does not interact with theophylline if it is not listed in Table II. Before addition of a newly available drug in a patient receiving theophylline, the package insert of the new drug and/or the medical literature should be consulted to determine if an interaction between the new drug and theophylline has been reported. Table II. Clinically significant drug interactions with theophylline*. Drug Type of Interaction Effect†  *     Refer to PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions for further information regarding table. †     Average effect on steady state theophylline concentration or other clinical effect for pharmacologic       interactions. Individual patients may experience larger changes in serum theophylline concentration       than the value listed.  Adenosine  Theophylline blocks adenosine receptors.  Higher doses of adenosine may be required to achieve desired effect.  Alcohol  A single large dose of alcohol (3 mL/kg of whiskey) decreases theophylline clearance for up to 24 hours.  30% increase  Allopurinol  Decreases theophylline clearance at allopurinol doses ≥600 mg/day.  25% increase  Aminoglutethimide  Increases theophylline clearance by induction of microsomal enzyme activity.  25% decrease  Carbamazepine  Similar to aminoglutethimide.  30% decrease  Cimetidine  Decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting cytochrome P450 1A2.  70% increase  Ciprofloxacin  Similar to cimetidine.  40% increase  Clarithromycin  Similar to erythromycin.  25% increase  Diazepam  Benzodiazepines increase CNS concentrations of adenosine, a potent CNS depressant, while theophylline blocks adenosine receptors.  Larger diazepam doses may be required to produce desired level of sedation. Discontinuation of theophylline without reduction of diazepam dose may result in respiratory depression.  Disulfiram  Decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting hydroxylation and demethylation.  50% increase  Enoxacin  Similar to cimetidine.  300% increase  Ephedrine  Synergistic CNS effects.  Increased frequency of nausea, nervousness, and insomnia.  Erythromycin  Erythromycin metabolite decreases theophylline clearance by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A3.  35% increase. Erythromycin steady-state serum concentrations decrease by a similar amount.  Estrogen  Estrogen containing oral contraceptives decrease theophylline clearance in a dose- dependent fashion. The effect of progesterone on theophylline clearance is unknown.  30% increase  Flurazepam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Fluvoxamine  Similar to cimetidine.  Similar to cimetidine  Halothane  Halothane sensitizes the myocardium to catecholamines, theophylline increases release of endogenous catecholamines.  Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.  Interferon, human recombinant alpha-A  Decreases theophylline clearance.  100% increase  Isoproterenol (IV)  Increases theophylline clearance.  20% decrease  Ketamine  Pharmacologic.  May lower theophylline seizure threshold.  Lithium  Theophylline increases renal lithium clearance.  Lithium dose required to achieve a therapeutic serum concentration increased an average of 60%.  Lorazepam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Methotrexate (MTX)  Decreases theophylline clearance.  20% increase after low dose MTX, higher dose MTX may have a greater effect.  Mexiletine  Similar to disulfiram.  80% increase  Midazolam  Similar to diazepam.  Similar to diazepam.  Moricizine  Increases theophylline clearance.  25% decrease  Pancuronium  Theophylline may antagonize non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking effects, possibly due to phosphodiesterase inhibition.  Larger dose of pancuronium may be required to achieve neuromuscular blockade  Pentoxifylline  Decreases theophylline clearance.  30% increase  Phenobarbital (PB)  Similar to aminoglutethimide.  25% decrease after two weeks of concurrent PB.  Phenytoin  Phenytoin increases theophylline clearance by increasing microsomal enzyme activity. Theophylline decreases phenytoin absorption.  Serum theophylline and phenytoin concentrations decrease about 40%.  Propafenone  Decreases theophylline clearance and pharmacologic interaction.  40% increase. Beta 2 blocking effect may decrease efficacy of theophylline  Propranolol  Similar to cimetidine and pharmacologic interaction.  100% increase. Beta 2 blocking effect may decrease efficacy of theophylline  Rifampin  Increases theophylline clearance by increasing cytochrome P450 1A2 and 3A3 activity.  20-40% decrease  St. John's Wort (Hypericum Perforatum)  Decrease in theophylline plasma concentrations.  Higher doses of theophylline may be required to achieve desired effect. Stopping St. John's Wort may result in theophylline toxicity.  Sulfinpyrazone  Increases theophylline clearance by increasing demethylation and hydroxylation. Decreases renal clearance of theophylline.  20% decrease  Tacrine  Similar to cimetidine, also increases renal clearance of theophylline.  90% increase  Thiabendazole  Decreases theophylline clearance.  190% increase  Ticlopidine  Decreases theophylline clearance.  60% increase  Troleandomycin  Similar to erythromycin.  33-100% increase depending on troleandomycin dose.  Verapamil  Similar to disulfiram.  20% increase Table III. Drugs that have been documented not to interact with theophylline or drugs that produce no clinically significant interaction with theophylline.*   *    Refer to PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions for information regarding table.  albuterol, systemic and inhaled  hydrocortisone  ofloxacin  amoxicillin  isoflurane  omeprazole  ampicillin, with or without  isoniazid  prednisone, prednisolone    sulbactam  isradipine  ranitidine  atenolol  influenza vaccine  rifabutin  azithromycin  ketoconazole  roxithromycin  caffeine, dietary ingestion  lomefloxacin  sorbitol  cefaclor  mebendazole    (purgative doses do  co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim  medroxyprogesterone    not inhibit theophylline     and sulfamethoxazole)  methylprednisolone    absorption)  diltiazem  metronidazole  sucralfate  dirithromycin  metoprolol  terbutaline, systemic  enflurane  nadolol  terfenadine  famotidine  nifedipine  tetracycline  felodipine  nizatidine  tocainide  finasteride  norfloxacin Drug/Food Interactions Taking Theo-24 ® less than one hour before a high-fat-content meal, such as 8 oz whole milk, 2 fried eggs, 2 bacon strips, 2 oz hashed brown potatoes, and 2 slices of buttered toast (about 985 calories, including approximately 71 g of fat) may result in a significant increase in peak serum level and in the extent of absorption of theophylline as compared to administration in the fasted state. In some cases (especially with doses of 900 mg or more taken less than one hour before a high-fat-content meal) serum theophylline levels may exceed the 20 mcg/mL level, above which theophylline toxicity is more likely to occur.

Theo-24 (theophylline anhydrous) is supplied in extended-release capsules containing 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg of anhydrous theophylline. Theo-24 100 mg capsules are orange opaque and natural, with markings Theo-24, 100 mg, AP, and 2832, supplied as: NDC Number               Size 52244-100-10               bottle of 100 Theo-24 200 mg capsules are orange opaque and clear, with markings Theo-24, 200 mg, AP, and 2842, supplied as: NDC Number               Size 52244-200-10               bottle of 100 Theo-24 300 mg capsules are Swedish orange and natural, with markings Theo-24, 300 mg, AP, and 2852, supplied as: NDC Number               Size 52244-300-10               bottle of 100 Theo-24 400 mg capsules are pink opaque and natural, with markings Theo-24, 400 mg, AP, and 2902, supplied as: NDC Number               Size 52244-400-10               bottle of 100 Store below 77° F (25° C).

Mechanism of Action: Theophylline has two distinct actions in the airways of patients with reversible obstruction: smooth muscle relaxation (i.e., bronchodilation) and suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli (i.e., non-bronchodilator prophylactic effects). While the mechanisms of action of theophylline are not known with certainty, studies in animals suggest that bronchodilation is mediated by the inhibition of two isozymes of phosphodiesterase (PDE III and, to a lesser extent, PDE IV) while non-bronchodilator prophylactic actions are probably mediated through one or more different molecular mechanisms that do not involve inhibition of PDE III or antagonism of adenosine receptors. Some of the adverse effects associated with theophylline appear to be mediated by inhibition of PDE III (e.g., hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and emesis) and adenosine receptor antagonism (e.g., alterations in cerebral blood flow). Theophylline increases the force of contraction of diaphragmatic muscles. This action appears to be due to enhancement of calcium uptake through an adenosine-mediated channel. Serum Concentration-Effect Relationship: Bronchodilation occurs over the serum theophylline concentration range of 5 - 20 mcg/mL. Clinically important improvement in symptom control has been found in most studies to require peak serum theophylline concentrations >10 mcg/mL, but patients with mild disease may benefit from lower concentrations. At serum theophylline concentrations >20 mcg/mL, both the frequency and severity of adverse reactions increase. In general, maintaining peak serum theophylline concentrations between 10 and 15 mcg/mL will achieve most of the drug's potential therapeutic benefit while minimizing the risk of serious adverse events. Overview Theophylline is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration in solution or immediate-release solid oral dosage form. Theophylline does not undergo any appreciable pre-systemic elimination, distributes freely into fat-free tissues and is extensively metabolized in the liver. The pharmacokinetics of theophylline vary widely among similar patients and cannot be predicted by age, sex, body weight or other demographic characteristics. In addition, certain concurrent illnesses and alterations in normal physiology (see Table I) and co-administration of other drugs (see Table II) can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of theophylline. Within-subject variability in metabolism has also been reported in some studies, especially in acutely ill patients. It is, therefore, recommended that serum theophylline concentrations be measured frequently in acutely ill patients (e.g., at 24-hr intervals) and periodically in patients receiving long-term therapy, e.g., at 6-12 month intervals. More frequent measurements should be made in the presence of any condition that may significantly alter theophylline clearance (see PRECAUTIONS, Laboratory Tests ). Table I. Mean and range of total body clearance and half-life of theophylline related to age and altered physiological states.* Population characteristics Total body clearance† mean (range) ǂ (mL/kg/min) Half-life Mean (range) ǂ (hr)  *    For various North American patient populations from literature reports. Different rates of       elimination and consequent dosage requirements have been observed among other peoples. †    Clearance represents the volume of blood completely cleared of theophylline by the liver in       one minute. Values listed were generally determined at serum theophylline concentrations       <20 mcg/mL; clearance may decrease and half-life may increase at higher serum       concentrations due to non-linear pharmacokinetics. ǂ     Reported range or estimated range (mean ± 2 SD) where actual range not reported. §    NR =not reported or not reported in a comparable format. ¶    Median Note: In addition to the factors listed above, theophylline clearance is increased and half-life decreased by low carbohydrate/high protein diets, parenteral nutrition, and daily consumption of charcoal-broiled beef. A high carbohydrate/low protein diet can decrease the clearance and prolong the half-life of theophylline.   Age      Premature neonates         postnatal age 3 - 15 days  0.29 (0.09 - 0.49)  30 (17 - 43)     postnatal age 25 - 57 days  0.64 (0.04 - 1.2)  20 (9.4 - 30.6)  Term infants         postnatal age 1 - 2 days  NR §  25.7 (25 - 26.5)     postnatal age 3 - 30 weeks  NR §  11 (6 - 29)  Children         1 - 4 years  1.7 (0.5 - 2.9)  3.4 (1.2 - 5.6)     4 - 12 years  1.6 (0.8 - 2.4)  NR §     13 - 15 years  0.9 (0.48 - 1.3)  NR §     6 - 17 years  1.4 (0.2 - 2.6)  3.7 (1.5 - 5.9)  Adults (16 - 60 years)         otherwise healthy non-smoking    asthmatics  0.65 (0.27 - 1.03)  8.7 (6.1 - 12.8)  Elderly (>60 years)         non-smokers with normal cardiac, liver,    and renal function  0.41 (0.21 - 0.61)  9.8 (1.6 - 18)   Concurrent illness or altered physiological state  Acute pulmonary edema  0.33¶ (0.07 - 2.45)  19¶ (3.1 - 82)  COPD >60 years, stable         non-smoker >1 year  0.54 (0.44 - 0.64)  11 (9.4 - 12.6)  COPD with cor-pulmonale  0.48 (0.08 - 0.88)  NR §  Cystic fibrosis (14 - 28 years)  1.25 (0.31 - 2.2)  6.0 (1.8 - 10.2)  Fever associated with acute viral         respiratory illness (children 9 - 15 years)  NR §  7.0 (1.0 - 13)  Liver disease –       cirrhosis  0.31¶ (0.1 - 0.7)  32¶ (10 - 56)                                acute hepatitis  0.35 (0.25 - 0.45)  19.2 (16.6 - 21.8)                                cholestasis  0.65 (0.25 - 1.45)  14.4 (5.7 - 31.8)  Pregnancy –           1st trimester  NR §  8.5 (3.1 - 13.9)                                2nd trimester  NR §  8.8 (3.8 - 13.8)                                3rd trimester  NR §  13.0 (8.4 - 17.6)  Sepsis with multi-organ failure  0.47 (0.19 - 1.9)  18.8 (6.3 - 24.1)  Thyroid disease –   hypothyroid  0.38 (0.13 - 0.57)  11.6 (8.2 - 25)                                hyperthyroid  0.8 (0.68 - 0.97)  4.5 (3.7 - 5.6) Absorption Theophylline is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration in solution or immediate-release solid oral dosage form. After a single immediate-release dose of 5 mg/kg in adults, a mean peak serum concentration of about 10 mcg/mL (range 5 - 15 mcg/mL) can be expected 1 - 2 hr after dose. Co-administration of theophylline with food or antacids does not cause clinically significant changes in the absorption of theophylline from immediate-release dosage forms. Theo-24 ® capsules contain hundreds of coated beads of theophylline. Each bead is an individual extended-release delivery system. After dissolution of the capsules these beads are released and distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, thus minimizing the probability of high local concentrations of theophylline at any particular site. In a 6-day multiple-dose study involving 18 subjects (with theophylline clearance rates between 0.57 and 1.02 mL/kg/min) who had fasted overnight and 2 hours after morning dosing, Theo-24 ® given once daily in a dose of 1500 mg produced serum theophylline levels that ranged between 5.7 mcg/mL and 22 mcg/mL. The mean minimum and maximum values were 11.6 mcg/mL and 18.1 mcg/mL, respectively, with an average peak-trough difference of 6.5 mcg/mL. The mean percent fluctuation [(C max –C min /C min ) × 100] equals 80%. A 24-hour single-dose study demonstrated an approximately proportional increase in serum levels as the dose was increased from 600 to 1500 mg. Taking Theo-24 ® with a high-fat-content meal may result in a significant increase in the peak serum level and in the extent of absorption of theophylline as compared to administration in the fasted state (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug/Food Interactions ). Following the single-dose administration (8 mg/kg) of Theo-24 ® to 20 normal subjects who had fasted overnight and 2 hours after morning dosing, peak serum theophylline concentrations of 4.8 ± 1.5 (SD) mcg/mL were obtained at 13.3 ± 4.7 (SD) hours. The amount of the dose absorbed was approximately 13% at 3 hours, 31% at 6 hours, 55% at 12 hours, 70% at 16 hours, and 88% at 24 hours. The extent of theophylline bioavailability from Theo-24 ® was comparable to the most widely used 12-hour extended-release product when both products were administered every 12 hours. Distribution Once theophylline enters the systemic circulation, about 40% is bound to plasma protein, primarily albumin. Unbound theophylline distributes throughout body water, but distributes poorly into body fat. The apparent volume of distribution of theophylline is approximately 0.45 L/kg (range 0.3 - 0.7 L/kg) based on ideal body weight. Theophylline passes freely across the placenta, into breast milk and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Saliva theophylline concentrations approximate unbound serum concentrations, but are not reliable for routine or therapeutic monitoring unless special techniques are used. An increase in the volume of distribution of theophylline, primarily due to reduction in plasma protein binding, occurs in premature neonates, patients with hepatic cirrhosis, uncorrected acidemia, the elderly and in women during the third trimester of pregnancy. In such cases, the patient may show signs of toxicity at total (bound+unbound) serum concentrations of theophylline in the therapeutic range (10 - 20 mcg/mL) due to elevated concentrations of the pharmacologically active unbound drug. Similarly, a patient with decreased theophylline binding may have a sub-therapeutic total drug concentration while the pharmacologically active unbound concentration is in the therapeutic range. If only total serum theophylline concentration is measured, this may lead to an unnecessary and potentially dangerous dose increase. In patients with reduced protein binding, measurement of unbound serum theophylline concentration provides a more reliable means of dosage adjustment than measurement of total serum theophylline concentration. Generally, concentrations of unbound theophylline should be maintained in the range of 6 - 12 mcg/mL. Metabolism Following oral dosing, theophylline does not undergo any measurable first-pass elimination. In adults and children beyond one year of age, approximately 90% of the dose is metabolized in the liver. Biotransformation takes place through demethylation to 1-methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine and hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid. 1-methylxanthine is further hydroxylated, by xanthine oxidase, to 1-methyluric acid. About 6% of a theophylline dose is N-methylated to caffeine. Theophylline demethylation to 3-methylxanthine is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 1A2, while cytochromes P-450 2E1 and P-450 3A3 catalyze the hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid. Demethylation to 1-methylxanthine appears to be catalyzed either by cytochrome P-450 1A2 or a closely related cytochrome. In neonates, the N-demethylation pathway is absent while the function of the hydroxylation pathway is markedly deficient. The activity of these pathways slowly increases to maximal levels by one year of age. Caffeine and 3-methylxanthine are the only theophylline metabolites with pharmacologic activity. 3-methylxanthine has approximately one tenth the pharmacologic activity of theophylline and serum concentrations in adults with normal renal function are <1 mcg/mL. In patients with end-stage renal disease, 3-methylxanthine may accumulate to concentrations that approximate the unmetabolized theophylline concentration. Caffeine concentrations are usually undetectable in adults regardless of renal function. In neonates, caffeine may accumulate to concentrations that approximate the unmetabolized theophylline concentration and thus, exert a pharmacologic effect. Both the N-demethylation and hydroxylation pathways of theophylline biotransformation are capacity-limited. Due to the wide intersubject variability of the rate of theophylline metabolism, non-linearity of elimination may begin in some patients at serum theophylline concentrations <10 mcg/mL. Since this non-linearity results in more than proportional changes in serum theophylline concentrations with changes in dose, it is advisable to make increases or decreases in dose in small increments in order to achieve desired changes in serum theophylline concentrations (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION , Table VI). Accurate prediction of dose-dependency of theophylline metabolism in patients a priori is not possible, but patients with very high initial clearance rates (i.e., low steady state serum theophylline concentrations at above average doses) have the greatest likelihood of experiencing large changes in serum theophylline concentration in response to dosage changes. Excretion In neonates, approximately 50% of the theophylline dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Beyond the first three months of life, approximately 10% of the theophylline dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. The remainder is excreted in the urine mainly as 1,3-dimethyluric acid (35 - 40%), 1-methyluric acid (20 - 25%) and 3-methylxanthine (15 - 20%). Since little theophylline is excreted unchanged in the urine and since active metabolites of theophylline (i.e., caffeine, 3-methylxanthine) do not accumulate to clinically significant levels even in the face of end-stage renal disease, no dosage adjustment for renal insufficiency is necessary in adults and children >3 months of age. In contrast, the large fraction of the theophylline dose excreted in the urine as unchanged theophylline and caffeine in neonates requires careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations in neonates with reduced renal function (see WARNINGS ). Serum Concentrations at Steady State After multiple doses of theophylline, steady state is reached in 30 – 65 hours (average 40 hours) in adults. At steady state, on a dosage regimen with 6-hour intervals, the expected mean trough concentration is approximately 60% of the mean peak concentration, assuming a mean theophylline half-life of 8 hours. The difference between peak and trough concentrations is larger in patients with more rapid theophylline clearance. In patients with high theophylline clearance and half-lives of about 4-5 hours, such as children age 1 to 9 years, the trough serum theophylline concentration may be only 30% of peak with a 6-hour dosing interval. In these patients a slow release formulation would allow a longer dosing interval (8 - 12 hours) with a smaller peak/trough difference. Special Populations (See Table I for mean clearance and half-life values) Geriatric The clearance of theophylline is decreased by an average of 30% in healthy elderly adults (>60 yrs) compared to healthy young adults. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in elderly patients (see WARNINGS ). Pediatrics The clearance of theophylline is very low in neonates (see WARNINGS ). Theophylline clearance reaches maximal values by one year of age, remains relatively constant until about 9 years of age and then slowly decreases by approximately 50% to adult values at about age 16. Renal excretion of unchanged theophylline in neonates amounts to about 50% of the dose, compared to about 10% in children older than three months and in adults. Careful attention to dosage selection and monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in pediatric patients (see WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). Gender Gender differences in theophylline clearance are relatively small and unlikely to be of clinical significance. Significant reduction in theophylline clearance, however, has been reported in women on the 20th day of the menstrual cycle and during the third trimester of pregnancy. Race Pharmacokinetic differences in theophylline clearance due to race have not been studied. Renal Insufficiency Only a small fraction, e.g., about 10%, of the administered theophylline dose is excreted unchanged in the urine of children greater than three months of age and adults. Since little theophylline is excreted unchanged in the urine and since active metabolites of theophylline (i.e., caffeine, 3-methylxanthine) do not accumulate to clinically significant levels even in the face of end-stage renal disease, no dosage adjustment for renal insufficiency is necessary in adults and children >3 months of age. In contrast, approximately 50% of the administered theophylline dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in neonates. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in neonates with decreased renal function (see WARNINGS ). Hepatic Insufficiency Theophylline clearance is decreased by 50% or more in patients with hepatic insufficiency (e.g., cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, cholestasis). Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in patients with reduced hepatic function (see WARNINGS ). Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Theophylline clearance is decreased by 50% or more in patients with CHF. The extent of reduction in theophylline clearance in patients with CHF appears to be directly correlated to the severity of the cardiac disease. Since theophylline clearance is independent of liver blood flow, the reduction in clearance appears to be due to impaired hepatocyte function rather than reduced perfusion. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in patients with CHF (see WARNINGS ). Smokers Tobacco and marijuana smoking appears to increase the clearance of theophylline by induction of metabolic pathways. Theophylline clearance has been shown to increase by approximately 50% in young adult tobacco smokers and by approximately 80% in elderly tobacco smokers compared to non-smoking subjects. Passive smoke exposure has also been shown to increase theophylline clearance by up to 50%. Abstinence from tobacco smoking for one week causes a reduction of approximately 40% in theophylline clearance. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in patients who stop smoking (see WARNINGS ). Use of nicotine gum has been shown to have no effect on theophylline clearance. Fever Fever, regardless of its underlying cause, can decrease the clearance of theophylline. The magnitude and duration of the fever appear to be directly correlated to the degree of decrease of theophylline clearance. Precise data are lacking, but a temperature of 39° C (102° F) for at least 24 hours is probably required to produce a clinically significant increase in serum theophylline concentrations. Children with rapid rates of theophylline clearance (i.e., those who require a dose that is substantially larger than average [e.g., >22 mg/kg/day] to achieve a therapeutic peak serum theophylline concentration when afebrile) may be at greater risk of toxic effects from decreased clearance during sustained fever. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in patients with sustained fever (see WARNINGS ). Miscellaneous Other factors associated with decreased theophylline clearance include the third trimester of pregnancy, sepsis with multiple organ failure, and hypothyroidism. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations are required in patients with any of these conditions (see WARNINGS ). Other factors associated with increased theophylline clearance include hyperthyroidism and cystic fibrosis. Clinical Studies: In patients with chronic asthma, including patients with severe asthma requiring inhaled corticosteroids or alternate-day oral corticosteroids, many clinical studies have shown that theophylline decreases the frequency and severity of symptoms, including nocturnal exacerbations, and decreases the "as needed" use of inhaled beta 2 agonists. Theophylline has also been shown to reduce the need for short courses of daily oral prednisone to relieve exacerbations of airway obstruction that are unresponsive to bronchodilators in asthmatics. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinical studies have shown that theophylline decreases dyspnea, air trapping, the work of breathing, and improves contractility of diaphragmatic muscles with little or no improvement in pulmonary function measurements.

Clinical Studies: In patients with chronic asthma, including patients with severe asthma requiring inhaled corticosteroids or alternate-day oral corticosteroids, many clinical studies have shown that theophylline decreases the frequency and severity of symptoms, including nocturnal exacerbations, and decreases the "as needed" use of inhaled beta 2 agonists. Theophylline has also been shown to reduce the need for short courses of daily oral prednisone to relieve exacerbations of airway obstruction that are unresponsive to bronchodilators in asthmatics. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinical studies have shown that theophylline decreases dyspnea, air trapping, the work of breathing, and improves contractility of diaphragmatic muscles with little or no improvement in pulmonary function measurements.

100 mg x 100 label